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一 | “今天的AI会写诗，会写代码，会做PPT，但它帮不了一位老人翻身。” 近日，复旦大学浩清特聘教授、通用物理智能研究院院长苏昊在一场论坛中这样描述当前的行业困境。 当下的AI，正在发展出一种新的反差。在数字世界里，模型越来越聪明，能帮人干活；但在物理世界里，它还远未真正进入人类的生活。 JERUSALEM -- Deadly violence has been surging in the West Bank as the Israeli military pursues Palestinian militants in the aftermath of the Hamas attack from Gaza, with at least 90 Palestinians killed in the Israeli-occupied territory in the past two weeks, mainly in clashes with Israeli troops.The violence threatens to open another front in the 2-week-old war, and puts pressure on the internationally recognized Palestinian Authority, which administers parts of the West Bank and is deeply unpopular among Palestinians, in large part because it cooperates with Israel on security matters. The tally includes five Palestinians killed in separate incidents on Sunday, including two who died in an airstrike on a mosque in the volatile Jenin refugee camp that Israel said was being used by militants. Israel carried out an airstrike during a battle in another West Bank refugee camp last week, in which 13 Palestinians, including five minors, and a member of Israel's paramilitary Border Police were killed. Israel rarely uses air power in the occupied West Bank, even as it has bombarded Hamas-ruled Gaza since the militant group stormed across the border on Oct. 7. More than 1,400 people have been killed in Israel since the war began, mostly civilians killed in the initial Hamas assault. The Hamas-run Health Ministry in Gaza says over 4,300 Palestinians have been killed. The Palestinian Health Ministry in the West Bank says 90 Palestinians have been killed there since Oct. 7, a dramatic jump from 197, according to an Associated Press count, from the start of the year until the Hamas attack. In addition to the raids, Palestinians have been killed in violent anti-Israel protests and in some instances in attacks by Jewish settlers.Israel clamped down on the territory immediately after the Hamas assault, closing crossings and checkpoints between Palestinian towns. Israel says its forces have detained over 700 suspects in the West Bank, including 480 members of Hamas, since the start of hostilities.Israel’s resumption of aerial attacks — which in a July operation in Jenin reached a level of intensity not seen since the Palestinian uprising against Israel two decades ago — suggests a shift in military tactics.The military described the Al-Ansar Mosque in Jenin as a militant compound belonging to Hamas and Islamic Jihad, a smaller and more radical Palestinian militant group. It said the militants had carried out several attacks in recent months and were planning another imminent assault.The intensified violence follows more than a year of escalating raids and arrests in the West Bank and deadly Palestinian attacks on Israelis.Israel captured the West Bank, along with Gaza and east Jerusalem, in the 1967 war. The Palestinians want all three territories for a future state. Over 500,000 Israelis live in settlements across the West Bank that most of the international community considers illegal, while the territory's more than 2.5 million Palestinians live under Israeli military rule.The Palestinians view the settlements as the greatest obstacle to resolving the conflict with Israel. The last serious and substantive peace talks broke down over a decade ago. Settler violence against Palestinians has also intensified since the Hamas attack. At least five Palestinians have been killed by settlers, according to Palestinian authorities, and rights groups say settlers have torched cars and attacked several small Bedouin communities, forcing them to evacuate to other areas.The West Bank Protection Consortium, a coalition of non-governmental organizations and donor countries, including the European Union, says at least 470 Palestinians have been forcibly displaced in the West Bank due to settler violence since Oct. 7. That's in addition to over 1,100 displaced since 2022. ___Associated Press writer Joseph Krauss contributed to this report.。 苏昊认为，AI还不够可靠的原因在于，当前大模型学习的是语言，这是人类对世界的经验与描述，而非世界本身。“它能流利地描写‘杯子掉在地上会碎’，却从没有机会感受一只杯子的重量。” 那么，真正走出屏幕，AI还需要跨越什么？ 图/图虫创意 幻觉 过去一年，具身智能是AI产业最受关注的方向之一。 从实验室到各大展会现场，人形机器人刷新着从行走、奔跑，到搬运、分拣，甚至做简单家务等多种技能。与过去依靠固定程序运行的工业机器人不同，新一代机器人正在借助大模型、多模态感知等技术，试图理解开放环境、自主决策、执行复杂任务。 但能力展示到真正承担工作之间，仍有一道鸿沟。 在工厂里，机器人面对的是高度结构化的环境，工位固定、零件标准化、任务目标清晰。
二 | 因此，即使机器人的泛化能力有限，也可以通过大量数据训练和工程优化，完成相对稳定的工作。 但当环境从流水线变成家庭、医院或者养老院等开放环境，问题开始变得复杂。 拿起一只杯子，看似只是一个简单动作，但背后涉及对杯子材质、重量、空间位置的判断，以及力量大小的控制；帮助老人翻身，也不仅是完成一个动作，而是需要根据人的身体状态和姿势来及时调整。 这些能力，对于人类而言来源于长期的生活经验，但对于机器人而言，却是一片尚未充分学习的领域。 在苏昊看来，最本质的原因在于，模型学的一直是语言，而语言是世界的投影；模型学的一直是这道影子，却从未见过投下影子的实体。 “你可以在屏幕里雄辩，但你说服不了重力。”苏昊讲道。
三 | 这也是当前物理智能发展的核心难题：机器人并不是不会做动作，而是不知道什么时候该做、该怎么做，以及如何一直做对。
四 | 这一看法也得到了多位具身智能领域专家和从业者的认同。 智元合伙人、觅蜂科技董事长兼CEO姚卯青指出，当前大部分模型建立在视频生成模型基础上，但视频更多记录的是世界的外观变化，并不能完整呈现物理规律。例如，仅通过视频可以看到物体的位置和运动，却难以感知质量、力量、摩擦等信息，而这些恰恰是机器人完成操作任务时不可缺少的能力。 它石智航创始人兼CEO陈亦伦也提到，机器人面对的是一个不断交互的物理世界，不仅需要观察，还需要通过行动改变环境，并根据反馈不断调整。
五 | 机器人不能只知道下一步做什么，还需要知道做完之后世界会如何改变。 补课 而物理智能想要突破，关键在于让AI获得类似人类的物理世界经验。 在苏昊看来，要做到这一点，首先要给AI补上的，是真正的物理世界知识。
六 | 他将掌握过程分为六层，由底层向上分别是物体知识、状态知识、动力学知识、功能知识、目标知识、行为知识，即从认识物体，到理解物体的状态，再到掌握动力学规律，譬如球会滚走、水会流动；进一步，还包括理解物体在绑定主体后而被赋予的功能、目标，以及知道怎么做想做、要做的事儿。
七 | “端一杯水穿过房间不洒，是分寸；系鞋带、用筷子，这个是巧劲。而这些本事不写在书上，是长在手上的。”苏昊讲道，“从物体到行为，越往上越不是看会的，越得在物理世界中亲手去做。” 虽然互联网让语言知识得到了空前规模的聚合，但物理世界的知识却仍然散落在实验数据、工业生产、视频记录以及人的实践经验中，并没有形成一套完整的数据体系。 因此，在苏昊看来，物理智能的突破口不在模型的架构，而在知识的聚合。 这当然并不容易。 “聚合这件事注定超出任何一家机构的边界。视频在互联网上，方程在教科书里，力学数据在各家实验室里，操作的直觉在亿万劳动者身上，没有谁能独自集齐这套阶梯。它需要整个行业乃至全社会的通力协作，共建数据、共立标准、共享仿真评测等基础设施。”苏昊谈道。 这需要的真实世界数据量级也相当惊人。
八 | 陈亦伦以大众熟悉的自动驾驶举例，一个工业级可用的自动驾驶系统，训练需要的纯视频数据大概100万个小时，这还只是处理非碰撞的物理系统；而具身智能要刻画复杂物理规律，并执行与物体有交互的操作，需要的视频数据规模在1000万个小时的量级。 更重要的是，理解世界还只是第一步。真正决定机器人能否进入人类日常生活的，是可靠性。 毕竟，现在要机器人完成一次动作并不难，难的是在真实环境中，把同一个动作稳定完成成千上万次。 苏昊认为，物理智能的发展不会像ChatGPT那样，在一次发布会上突然爆发，而更像过去电气化的发展过程，先进入工厂、仓库等相对标准化的场景，再逐步走向医院、商业服务，最终进入家庭。 而这指向的是物理智能实现自己使命的路径。 “物理智能不是人的替代者，而是人的协作者，填补的是人手的缺口，把翻身、搬运这样的体力活交给机器，把照护者的时间，还给陪伴与关怀；把危险的作业交给机器，让人退到安全线之后，承担判断与创造。
九 | ”作为坚定的物理智能乐观派，苏昊谈道，“物理智能的使命，是把人还给人。” 记者：石晗旭 （[email protected]） 编辑：余源。
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